1º BACHILLERATO

EXERCISES ON CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

VERY IMPORTANT EXERCISES.

MAKE SURE YOU CAN DO AND UNDERSTAND THEM BEFORE ANY EXAM.

A. VOCABULARY

1. Complete the passage with the words below.

boast ■ talk show ■ website ■ trusts ■ intimate ■ need ■ latest ■ gossip ■ classmates

A few months ago, my 1. …………………………..………… and I created an Internet 2. ……………………..about our school. We wanted to fulfill the 3. …………………………..………… to keep the students, parents and community informed about the 4. …………………………..…student achievements and school events. The site has also got a 5. …………………………..………… column – but everyone 6. …………………………..………… us not to provide too many private, 7. …………………………..………… details! I know I shouldn’t 8. …………………………..………… , but the site has become very popular. In fact, those of us who created it have been invited to appear on a local television 9. …………………………..………… next week!

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words below.

lead ■ sense of humour ■ fake ■ matter ■ laughing ■ reasonable ■ disappointment ■ take the world by storm ■ signal ■ exchange

1. In the English lesson yesterday, we …………………………..………… essays and read what our partner had written.

2. The performance was a big …………………………..………… , because the band played very poorly.

3. The guide …………………………..………… our tour group through the old castle and explained its history.

4. Sean has got a strange …………………………..………… which sometimes hurts people’s feelings.

5. The police car turned on its red lights as a …………………………..………… that we had to stop.

6. Some fads …………………………..………… and then quickly lose their popularity.

7. It’s not …………………………..………… to expect to go to university if your marks are low.

8. Rob doesn’t think money is important, but it …………………………..………… a lot to Cindy.

9. We could hardly hear the jokes because there was so much …………………………..………… in the audience.

10. Make-up artists for films often spend hours applying …………………………..………… blood to an actor’s face or body.

3. Complete the passage with the correct form of the words or phrases below.

chat ■ in any case ■ relationship ■ actually ■ surprise ■ get to know

It’s common for us to feel sorry for people we see eating alone at a restaurant or going to a film by themselves. But some people 1. …………………………..………… enjoy doing things alone occasionally – even those who are in long-term 2. …………………………..………… or go on dates frequently. Why not try it sometime? You might be 3. …………………………..………… by what you 4. …………………………..………… about yourself, and who knows – you just might find yourself 5. …………………………..………… to a stranger you meet in a café. 6. …………………………..………… it’ll be an interesting experience!

4. Complete the passage with the correct form of the words below.

reach ■ safe ■ screaming ■ know for sure ■ survive ■ say aloud ■ save

all of a sudden ■ all dressed up ■ determine ■ panic ■ fear ■ subside ■ huge

I was walking along a quiet road late one night when, 1. …………………………..………… , I heard
2. …………………………..………… from a woman. At first, I 3. …………………………..………… , and started to run away. I was full of 4. …………………………..………… and felt very helpless. But these feelings 5. …………………………..………… very quickly, and I was 6. …………………………..………… to help the woman. I followed the sounds of her shouts. Before I 7. …………………………..………… her, however, I saw 8. …………………………..………… lights and a lot of people 9…………………………. in old-fashioned clothes. I immediately 10. …………………………..………… that I wouldn’t have to 11. …………………………..………… anyone’s life. The woman whose voice I had heard was
12. …………………………..………… and would definitely 13. …………………………..………… – at least in “real life”. I started to laugh as I 14. …………………………..………… , “She’s an actress! And all these people are making a film!”

5. Choose the correct answer to show that you have understood the meaning of the words in italics.

1. I managed to go to the bank, so I’ll get cash later / I’ve got cash.

2. The garden has got lots of mud because there was lots of rain / wind last night.

3. The man seemed to come out of nowhere; I hadn’t / had seen him before.

4. I thought about / remembered what to buy Debbie, but nothing came to mind.

5. Sam ate a huge meal because he was extremely / not very hungry.

6. Complete the passage with the correct form of the words or phrases below.

train ■ realise ■ work out ■ convince ■ tool ■ unwilling

stand a chance ■ manual ■ ordinary ■ make an effort

Digital cameras, mobile phones, DVD players and other electronic devices are supposed to be helpful 1. …………………………..………… to make life easier. But all too often, consumers can’t
2. …………………………..………… how to use all the features of these devices because the instruction 3. …………………………..………… are so complicated that only people with technical knowledge 4. …………………………..………… of understanding them. When will manufacturers 5. …………………………..………… that 6. …………………………..………… people are 7. …………………………..………… to 8. …………………………..………… to follow complicated instructions or just to learn how to set the clock on their DVD player? I’m 9. …………………………..………… that there’s a solution to this problem: 10. …………………………..………… the writers of these booklets to write in clearer, simpler language.

B. GRAMMAR

INFINITIVE-GERUND

1. Complete the sentences with the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs below.

read ■ call ■ finish ■ eat ■ lock

1. I feel like …………………………..………… , but there’s no food here.

2. Do you remember …………………………..………… the door?

3. I hope …………………………..………… the assignment tonight.

4. He stopped …………………………..………… the map. He wanted to check that he was going the right way.

5. They promised …………………………..………… us tomorrow evening.

2. Arrange the words in the correct order to form sentences that logically precede the sentence that follows. Use the gerund or infinitive form of the verbs in brackets.

1. I / my / today / book / to / school / forgot / maths / . (bring)

Luckily, the maths lesson was cancelled.

2. Jane / He / didn’t / remember / . (ring)

That’s why she was angry with him.

3. She / her / didn’t / me / plans / about / remember / . (tell)

But I reminded her that she had told me a few weeks ago.

WANT + TO / WANT + OBJECT + TO +INFINITIVE

1. Write logical sentences with the words provided. Use the correct form of want / don’t want.

1. weekend / she / film / want / to / see / a / last / .

2. parents / my / go / clubs / to / school / me / not want / to / on / nights / .

3. him / Dave / to / help / want / with / me / maths / .

4. people / she / to / invite / a / her / lot / of / to / not want / wedding / .

5. you / airport / do / want / to / take / you / to / me / the / ?

2. Read the situations. Then write sentences using the correct form of want / don’t want.

1. Jane would prefer it if I drove tonight.

2. Bob isn’t interested in seeing a film this weekend.

3. Do you feel like eating Italian food for dinner?

4. We didn’t like the idea of Ellen travelling alone.

PRESENT SIMPLE –PRESENT CONTINUOUS

1. Complete the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Simple or Present Continuous.

1. Jim …………………………..………… (not talk) to me at the moment, but I …………………………..………… (not understand) why he’s angry with me.

2. That door usually …………………………..………… (close) automatically, but it …………………………..………… (not work) properly today.

3. I …………………………..………… (not taste) that! I …………………………..………… (hate) fish!

4. This box …………………………..………… (weigh) a lot. Do you know what it …………………………..………… (contain)?

5. Officer, this moped …………………………..………… (belong) to me. Why …………………………..………… (give) me a parking ticket?

2. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs below.

try ■ feel ■ do ■ mean ■ cause ■ lead ■ make

1. …………………………..………… you sometimes …………………………..………… tense before an exam, or “stressed out” because you 2. …………………………..………… too many things? Although a certain amount of stress
3. …………………………..………… no lasting harm, constant stress sometimes 4. …………………………..………… to health problems. These days, for instance, researchers 5. …………………………..………… the link between long-term stress and heart disease, but many of the effects of stress are less serious, such as sore, stiff muscles, especially in the neck and shoulders. When this happens, it 6. …………………………..………… that your body 7. …………………………..………… to tell you something: relax! An easy way to do this is to sit in a comfortable position, close your eyes and breathe very slowly and deeply. It takes a while to relax completely, so try this for at least five minutes. You’ll be amazed at the results!

PAST SIMPLE- PAST CONTINUOUS – PAST PERFECT

1. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple, Past Perfect Simple or Past Continuous.

not be ■ eat ■ arrive ■ run ■ be ■ film ■ win ■ cross ■ play ■ manage ■ have ■ hope

1. We …………………………..………… tennis when it started to rain, but we …………………………..………… to finish the game before the rain got too hard.

2. I’m not hungry. I …………………………..………… an hour ago. I …………………………..………… eggs and bacon.

3. As Sara …………………………..………… the road, a lorry nearly hit her. She’s lucky she
…………………………..………… hurt.

4. They …………………………..………… already …………………………..………… four games, so
they …………………………..………… to win the one last Saturday as well. They were very disappointed when they lost.

5. While the stuntwoman …………………………..………… through fire, the cameraman
…………………………..………… her.

6. By the time Jon …………………………..………… at the club, most of his friends …………………………..………… there for two hours.

2. Rewrite the sentences with the time expression in brackets. Use the Past Simple, Past Continuous or Past Perfect Simple.

1. When all my exams ended, my mother bought me a CD. (after)

My ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. .

2. Linda talked on the phone and cooked at the same time. (while)

Linda ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

3. We had started to watch the DVD before Ann arrived. (when)

We …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. .

4. I didn’t know that Andrew went on holiday last Wednesday. (already)

I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… .

3. Arrange the words in the correct order to form sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs.

1. doorbell / the / ring / watch / television / Gill / when / .

2. while / I / last / answer / write / pen / the / in / the / exam / my / break / .

3. ago / she / an / call / hour / ?

4. by the time / arrive / close / we / the / already / shop / .

4. Choose the correct answer.

1. I sent an SMS to ask David to go out for coffee but he made / had already made other plans.

2. By the time the singers appeared on television, they had rehearsed / rehearsed for weeks.

3. They had first met each other when they were / had been in different bands.

4. The children didn’t want dessert after lunch but they ate / had eaten some ice cream later.

5. When I heard Sue’s voice, I knew that something bad had happened / happened.

5. Complete the passage with the verbs below. Use the Past Simple or Past Continuous.

wear ■ happen ■ enter ■ hold ■ stand ■ cry ■ say ■ run ■ hear ■ drop

You’ll never believe what 1. …………………………..………… to me a few minutes ago! I 2. …………………………..…………
in the queue in the bank when two men suddenly 3. …………………………..………… in. They started shouting, but it was hard to understand what they 4. …………………………..………… because they 5. …………………………..………… masks over their faces. But, as soon as we realised that the men 6. …………………………..………… guns, everyone immediately lay on the floor. I heard that someone near me 7. …………………………..………… very softly, but other than that, it was very quiet for a moment. Then we 8. …………………………..………… the robbers demand cash from a clerk. A moment later, there was a noise at the door, and I could tell that people 9. …………………………..………… the bank. It turned out to be the police. The robbers immediately 10. …………………………..………… their guns and were arrested.

PRESENT PERFECT-PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS- PAST SIMPLE

1. Answer the questions, using the time expressions below and the words in brackets.

since ■ never ■ for ■ yet ■ when ■ while ■ just

1. How long have they lived here? (1999)

2. How long has John known Diana? (four years)

3. Did you buy those shoes here? (no; I was in Italy)

4. Has their train arrived? (yes)

5. When did you last see David? (waiting in a queue)

6. Have you ever skydived? (no)

7. Have you finished your work? (no)

2. Write sentences in the Present Perfect Simple.

1. feed / you / the / already / cat / ?

2. eat / cake / I / never / delicious / have / such / !

3. not / she / leave / yet / .

4. that / why / not / you / ever / tell / anyone / story / ?

3. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

not begin ■ require ■ show ■ not be ■ fly ■ be ■ think

1. Our school …………………………..………… uniforms until 2001.

2. Last year, my father ……………………………. to New York once a month on business.

3. My brother ……………………………. studying English yet. He’ll start in September.

4. ……………………. you ever ……………………………. about how you want to earn a living?

5. How old ……………………………. you when your sister was born?

6. I ……………………………. to the dentist for a year, but I made an appointment for next week.

7. So far, they ……………………………. that advert on television five times tonight! I’m tired of watching it!

4. Complete the dialogue with the correct verb below. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple.

tell ■ hear ■ begin ■ agree ■ find ■ be ■ not arrive ■ not be ■ talk

Ann: Robin’s 15 minutes late! When you 1. ……………………………. with her last night,
2. ……………………………. you ……………………………. her when to meet us?

Emily: Yes – we 3. ……………………………. to meet here at 8.45.

Ann: 4. ……………………………. you ……………………………. from her since last night?

Emily: No. But I just realised that she 5. ……………………………. anywhere on time for a month. That’s when she 6. ……………………………. driving into town instead of taking the bus. Oh – hi, Robin! Where 7. ……………………………. you ……………………………. for the past 20 minutes?

Robin: There 8. ……………………………. anywhere to park! But I finally 9. ……………………………. a place.

5. Complete the sentences with the verbs below. Use the affirmative or negative form of the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple.

know ■ rain ■ rehearse ■ forget ■ be

1. We usually have very wet winters, but it …………………………..………… since late December.

2. John …………………………..………… to close the back door yesterday. Luckily, the dog didn’t run away.

3. Sue and David …………………………..………… each other for a year.

4. Thanks for the invitation. I …………………………..………… to a party for months!

5. They …………………………..………… together since their last performance.

6. Rewrite the sentences in the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple. Use the verbs below, and suitable time expressions. Do not change the meaning of the original sentence.

eat ■ have ■ stop ■ finish ■ lose

1. I have got more homework to do.

2. My fifth driving lesson is next week.

3. Greg hasn’t played football for a year.

4. Does Emily weigh less than she used to?

5. I had breakfast, but I didn’t have time for lunch.

MIXED TENSES

1. I usually (go) to school by bus.2. Yesterday morning I (get) up at 6.30.3. We needed some money so we (sell) our car.4. ” she ever (be) to Spain?”5. “What Peter (do) now?”6. Please don’t make so much noise. I (study).7. Water (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.

8. Carol often (learn) with her father.

9. Now Ron (phone) Jill again. It (be) the third time he (phone) her this evening.

10. It (rain) now. It (begin) raining two hours ago. So it (rain) for two hours.

11. you (hear) anything from Tom since Christmas?

12. ” it (rain)?” she always (ask) me.

13. ” you (go) out last night?”

14. New York (be) one of the largest cities of the world.

15. This house (cost) 35.000 pounds in 1980.

RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Complete the passage using a relative pronoun. Some pronouns may be used more than once, and there may be more than one correct answer in some places.

In early 2005, two filmmakers in the USA opened a website 1. …………………………..………… offers the public the opportunity to donate money to make films. Anyone 2. …………………………..………… donates will be given credit as
an “Executive Producer”. The filmmakers, 3. …………………………..………… website has only attracted a few thousand dollars in donations so far, can’t plan on making their first film until the day 4. …………………………..………… they’ve got
at least half a million dollars. In case they don’t achieve this goal, they will use the donations to make a short film to
show over the Internet, 5. …………………………..………… anyone will be able to watch it for free. But perhaps they shouldn’t give up hope yet: Jean Renoir, 6. …………………………..………… was a famous French film director in the
1930s, raised the money to make one of his films by selling tickets to it in advance.

2. Rewrite the sentences using a relative clause and a relative pronoun. Make any necessary changes. Some sentences may have more than one possible answer.

1. The Eiffel Tower is in Paris. I proposed to Sue there.

2. I met Jane one week ago. It was my birthday then.

3. John is dating Sarah. She is a vet.

4. We had an English exam last week. I failed it.

5. My favourite author is John Grisham. His books are usually about crime.

3. Rewrite the sentences with non-defining relative clauses. Use the information in brackets, a suitable relative pronoun and any necessary commas. Answers may vary.

1. The lead singer was great! (I’ve forgotten his name)

2. This book costs £15. (it’s 200 pages long)

3. Ryan told me about this restaurant. (he often eats out)

4. Elise is going to Venice. (her brother lives there)

USED TO + BARE INFINITIVE/ GET USED TO + GERUND( -ING) / TO BE USED TO + GERUND

1. Complete the passage with the correct form of used to, be used to or get used to.

It’s hard to believe that my friend Robert – who 1. …………………………..………… mind eating steaks and hamburgers – is now a vegetarian. Until a year ago, he 2. …………………………..………… eat meat every day, but then he decided to try a vegetarian diet. It took him a few weeks to 3. …………………………..………… not eating meat, and during that time, he
4. …………………………..………… avoid going to certain restaurants. Now he 5. …………………………..………… cooking vegetarian meals at home. And, although it’s not always easy for him, he 6. …………………………..………… even slowly …………………………..………… going to restaurants with friends and eating pasta and salad while everyone else eats steak.

2. Rewrite the sentences using the correct form of used to, be used to or get used to without changing the meaning. There may be more than one possible answer.

1. Every day, Bill feels more comfortable living alone.

2. Jane bought a new car a few weeks ago. Now she finds it easy to drive.

3. Mary and Ellen played tennis every Saturday when they were 11 years old.

4. Steve only recently began to like jazz.

PHRASAL VERBS ( repasarlos en los textos de las unidades y en las páginas: 9, 57 y en los textos de las unidades, NO en la parte final del libro)

1. Complete the passage with the correct form of the phrasal verbs below. One phrasal verb is used more than once. Use a dictionary to help you.

get on ■ get into ■ set out ■ give in ■ get up ■ pick up ■ turn down ■ work out ■ go on ■ pay off

Ever since my friend Evan 1. ……………………………. camping a few years ago, he has tried to convince me to go with him. Last month, his attempts at persuasion finally 2. …………………………….. . I 3. ……………………………. and agreed to go.
He and three friends of his 4. ……………………. me ……………………. and I knew immediately that we were all going to

5. ……………………………. well. We drove to the forest, parked the car, and then 6. ……………………………. to find a good campsite. We 7. ……………………………. walking until we found a place that everyone agreed was perfect. When we started to put the tents up, everyone laughed as I tried to 8. ……………………………. how to do it – and then they helped me.
After that, we went on a hike, watched the sun set, made a fire, cooked hot dogs and went to sleep. The next morning, we 9. ……………………………. early and went on a long hike. Suddenly, everyone stopped. At first I had no idea what
10. ……………………………. , but then I realised that there was a brown bear just ahead of us. We watched it for a while
and then quietly walked away. I love camping – and I won’t 11. ……………………………. Evan’s next invitation.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb from Exercise 1. Use a dictionary to help you.

1. John is coming over soon to …………………………..………… the book he forgot.

2. Benjamin is behaving so oddly these days. I don’t know what’s …………………………..………… him.

3. Let’s see if we can …………………………..………… a time to meet Ellen.

4. Did you …………………………..………… the history homework that was due yesterday?

5. The decision to require uniforms didn’t …………………………..………… well with the students.

6. It took me a year to …………………………..………… the loan.

3. Complete the chart below by ticking the correct columns to form phrasal verbs.
Use a dictionary to help you.

	up with	on	up to	out	off	up
look
catch
work

4. Complete each sentence with the correct form of a suitable phrasal verb from Exercise 3.

1. We have to …………………………..………… information for our history homework.

2. Amy exercises in order to …………………………..………… calories.

3. This art class will begin with basic drawing techniques and …………………………..………… painting.

4. When the thief stole Mrs Gilbert’s handbag, people just …………………………..………… and made no effort to help her.

5. …………………………..………… ! There’s a car coming.

6. Stop running so fast! I can’t …………………………..………… you!

7. He got so …………………………..………… that his face got red and he shouted at everyone.

8. He’s very clever! He …………………………..………… quickly to everything.

DESCRIPTION

1. DESCRIBE THIS PERSON. USE these ADJECTIVES FROM the copy given

Honest, greedy, lazy, witty, outgoing, forgetful, gentle, impulsive, imaginative, ambitious, irresponsible, shy, warm, cheerful, round-faced, blue-eyed…

ANOTHER/OTHER/OTHERS/ FOR/TO, SO AS TO, IN ORDER TO, LIKE, AS, THE, ADJECTIVES, COMPARATIVE-SUPERLATIVE, BORING-BORED ( de esto ya hemos hecho el repaso durante la 1º evaluación)

La palabras que rigen alguna preposición están en los textos y en las páginas: 8, 9, 32.

PHRASAL VERBS COMUNES QUE SE HAN VISTO DESDE 1º ESO Y QUE DEBEN SABER: get on/off, take off, put on, look for, get up, switch on/ off, turn on/off ( los significados si no los saben los buscan en el diccionario).

Final del formulario

Present Simple or Present Continuous?

Introduction

The simple present tense is often confused with the present continuous tense. This page will explain when to use each one.

1. The simple present tense

The simple present tense is used for two main types of action:

Habits	Actions which happen regularly (for example, every day or every week)
States	Things which do not often change (for example, opinions and conditions)

Some examples will help to make this clearer:

Type of action	Examples	Explanations
Habit	Young-Mi goes to class every day.	“Every day” is a habit.
	It rains a lot in Vancouver.	This means that it rains often.
	Santos always talks about his family.	“Always” means this is a habit.
	Jerry spends Christmas with his parents.	This implies that he spends Christmas with his parents every year.
State	Bianca lives in Florida.	This is a state, because it doesn’t change.
	Jean-Paul has red hair.	Someone’s hair colour doesn’t usually change.
	Martin likes chocolate.	When we like something, usually we will always like it.
	Anna believes in God.	Beliefs and opinions are states. They don’t often change.

2. The present continuous tense

The present continuous tense is used for two main types of action:

A temporary action happening now	Something which is going on right now (but it will stop in the future)
A definite plan for the future	Something we intend to do, usually in the near future

Here are some examples:

Type of action	Examples	Explanations
Temporary action happening right now	John is winning the game.	Right now, John is winning, but the game isn’t finished yet.
	It’s raining outside.	It’s raining right now (but it may stop soon).
	Soraya’s working in the library.	She’s working there right now.
	Sihol is spending Christmas with his family.	He’s spending Christmas with his family right now, this year. (Maybe next year he won’t.)
Definite plan for the future	I’m playing soccer tomorrow.	This plan is already arranged and definite.
	Sarah’s leaving for San Francisco on Friday.	She has probably already bought her ticket.
	The Olympics are taking place here next year.	This is already certain.
	I’m having a party next week.	All the plans have been made.

When you are sure that you understand the lesson, you can continue with the exercises.

http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/sp_or_pc.html

http://www.eclecticenglish.com/grammar/PresentContinuous1I.html

STATIVE VERBS

Some English verbs, which we call state, non-continuous or stative verbs, aren’t used in continuous tenses (like the present continuous, or the future continuous). These verbs often describe states that last for some time. Here is a list of some common ones:

Stative (or State) Verb List

like	know	belong
love	realise	fit
hate	suppose	contain
want	mean	consist
need	understand	seem
prefer	believe	depend
agree	remember	matter
mind	recognise	see
own	appear	look (=seem)
sound	taste	smell
hear	astonish	deny
disagree	please	impress
satisfy	promise	surprise
doubt	think (=have an opinion)	feel (=have an opinion)
wish	imagine	concern
dislike	be	have
deserve	involve	include
lack	measure (=have length etc)	possess
owe	weigh (=have weight)

A verb which isn’t stative is called a dynamic verb, and is usually an action.

Some verbs can be both stative and dynamic:

be is usually a stative verb, but when it is used in the continuous it means ‘behaving’ or ‘acting’

you are stupid = it’s part of your personality
you are being stupid = only now, not usually

Think

think (stative) = have an opinion
I think that coffee is great
think (dynamic) = consider, have in my head
what are you thinking about? I’m thinking about my next holiday

Have

have (stative) = own
I have a car
have (dynamic) = part of an expression
I’m having a party / a picnic / a bath / a good time / a break

See

see (stative) = see with your eyes / understand
I see what you mean
I see her now, she’s just coming along the road
see (dynamic) = meet / have a relationship with
I’ve been seeing my boyfriend for three years
I’m seeing Robert tomorrow

Taste

taste (stative) = has a certain taste
This soup tastes great
The coffee tastes really bitter
taste (dynamic) = the action of tasting
The chef is tasting the soup(‘taste’ is the same as other similar verbs such as ‘smell’)

EXERCISES

http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/stative-verbs-exercise.html

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9M7FhSYcH4&p=74DE4B257C0F3D42&playnext=1&index=3

NARRATIVE TENSES

PAST SIMPLE, PAST PROGRESSIVE, PAST PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.

THE PAST SIMPLE IS USED:

For a complete action that took place at a definite time in the past. The time is either mentioned or implied.
For habitual or repeated actions in the past.
For completed actions that took place one after the other in the past.

I bought this suit last week

She always came late to the office.

I arrived home late last night, had a glass of milk and went straight to bed.

TIME EXPRESSIONS: Yesterday, then, last night/week/month, ago etc

THE PAST PROGRESSIVE IS USED:

For an action that was in progress at a definite time in the past
For an action that was happening when another one interrupted it. The longer action is in the past progressive and the shorter one is in the past simple.
For two or more actions happening at the same time in the past.

They were watching the news at 8:45 last night.

She was sweeping the floor when she found a coin.

While I was doing the washing up, my mother was cooking.

TIME EXPRESSIONS: while, as, when.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE IS USED:

For a past action that was completed before another past action. We use the Past Perfect simple for the first action and the past simple for the second action.
For an action that was completed before a definite time in the past.

When we arrived at the airport, the plane had already taken off.

I had finished my homework by 6:00 p.m. yesterday.

TIME EXPRESSIONS: by+time, by the time, after, before, when.

THE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE IS USED:

To emphasise the duration of an action that was happening before another one in the past.
For an action going on in the past and its results were visible later on in the past.

I had been waiting for hours when he finally came.

The firemen looked exhausted. They had been trying to put out the fire for six hours.

TIME EXPRESSIONS: When, for, since, after, before, how long etc..

When we use BEFORE or AFTER to describe the first two actions that happened in the past, we can use the past simple instead of the Past perfect simple.

The students had come/ come before the teacher arrived.

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs4.htm

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs11.htm

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

GERUND

When a verb is the SUBJECT of a sentence.

Living in a big city can be stressful.

After prepositions.

Instead of studying, she went to visit a friend.

I’m very good at remembering names.

After the following expressions: BE/GET USED TO, CAN’T STAND, CAN’T HELP, DON’T MIND, IT’S NO USE, IT’S NO GOOD, IT’S NOT WORTH.

It is a very bad movie: it’s not worth seeing it.

I’m a vegetarian because I can’t stand eating meat. I find it disgusting.

It’s no good spending all your money now: you should save some for summer.

After some verbs such as ADMIT, AVOID, CONSIDER, CONTINUE, DENY, ENJOY, FANCY, FINISH, GIVE UP, HATE, INVOLVE, KEEP, LIKE, LOVE, MISS, POSTPONE, PRACTISE, PREFER, PUT OFF, RECOMMEND, RISK, SUGGEST.

Keep working this way: you’re doing a great job!

They all denied having seen her before.

The captain was not willing to risk taking his ship through the straits in such bad weather.

BARE INFINITIVE (without TO)

After modal verbs.

You should ask them their opinion.

After special verbs such as LET, MAKE, HELP; after verbs of perception such as SEE, HEAR or FEEL and after expressions such as WOULD RATHER( = would prefer), HAD BETTER (= should).

They heard the thief crash through the door.

He made me do it.

I’d rather stay at home and sleep this weekend. I’d rather not go out tonight. I’m exhausted.

He’d better study more if he wants to pass the exam.

FULL INFINITIVE (with TO)

To express a reason or purpose:

He is saving money to buy a new car.

After some verbs such as AFFORD, AGREE, APPEAR, ARRANGE, CHOOSE, CLAIM, DECIDE, DESERVE, EXPECT, FAIL, HOPE, INTEND, LEARN, MANAGE, OFFER, PLAN, PRETEND, PROMISE, REFUSE, SEEM, TEND, THREATEN, WANT, WISH, WOULD LIKE/LOVE/HATE.

We can’t afford to take a long holiday.

Army officers had threatened to destroy the town.

After some adjectives and adverbs such as EASY, DISAPPOINTED, GLAD HAPPY, PLEASED, RELIEVED, SAD, SURPRISED, etc.

We are all relieved to be back home.

My flat is easy to find.

Some verbs follow the structure VERB + object + TO. Some of them are: ADVISE, INVITE, TELL, WARN, TEACH, PERSUADE, REMIND, FORCE, ENCOURAGE, EXPECT, ALLOW, CONVINCE, BEG.

My husband persuaded me to come.

He was forced to resign.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE WITH THE SAME MEANING

BEGIN, BOTHER, CONTINUE, FORBID, INTEND, PROPOSE, START.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND OR INFINITIVE WITH DIFFERENT MEANING

- REMEMBER, FORGET, REGRET: Cuando van seguidos de gerundio, la acción expresada por este es anterior a la de recordar, olvidar o lamentar. Cuando van seguidos de infinitivo, la acción que expresa el infinitivo va a ser posterior al hecho de recordar, olvidar o lamentar.

Remember to be careful when you cross the road.

I remember riding my small bike when I was a child.

Don’t forget to give me the money.

Have you forgotten giving me the money? We were outside your house when you gave me the money back.

I regret to say that I won’t be able to attend the meeting.

I regret saying that he was an idiot.

-TRY: Seguido de gerundio significa “hacer un experimento, hacer algo a ver qué pasa” y seguido de infinitivo significa “hacer un esfuerzo”.

I tried using an anti-dandruff shampoo but it didn’t work. I tried to phone you several times but I couldn’t get through.

-STOP: Seguido de gerundio significa “cesar una actividad definitivamente” y seguido de infinitivo significa “parar de hacer una cosa para hacer otra”.

I stopped working last year to have a baby.

After I had been working for three hours, I stopped to have lunch.

( TEORÍA ELABORADA POR LARA) .
http://www.mansioningles.com/gram57_ej2.htm

RELATIVE CLAUSES

relative pronoun	use	example
who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Subject and object pronouns cannot be distinguished by their forms – who, which, that are used for subject and object pronouns. You can, however, distinguish them as follows:

If the relative pronoun is followed by a verb, the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun. Subject pronouns must always be used.

the apple which is lying on the table

If the relative pronoun is not followed by a verb (but by a noun or pronoun), the relative pronoun is an object pronoun. Object pronouns can be dropped in defining relative clauses, which are then called Contact Clauses.

the apple (which) George lay on the table

Relative Adverbs

A relative adverb can be used instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the sentence easier to understand.

This is the shop in which I bought my bike.
→ This is the shop where I bought my bike.

relative adverb	meaning	use	example
when	in/on which	refers to a time expression	the day when we met him
where	in/at which	refers to a place	the place where we met him
why	for which	refers to a reason	the reason why we met him

Defining Relative Clauses

Defining relative clauses (also called identifying relative clauses or restrictive relative clauses) give detailed information defining a general term or expression. Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with five girls. One girl is talking to Tom and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause defines which of the five girls you mean.

Do you know the girl who is talking to Tom?

Defining relative clauses are often used in definitions.

A seaman is someone who works on a ship.

Object pronouns in defining relative clauses can be dropped. (Sentences with a relative clause without the relative pronoun are called Contact Clauses.)

The boy (who/whom) we met yesterday is very nice.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Non-defining relative clauses (also called non-identifying relative clauses or non-restrictive relative clauses) give additional information on something, but do not define it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.

Imagine, Tom is in a room with only one girl. The two are talking to each other and you ask somebody whether he knows this girl. Here the relative clause is non-defining because in this situation it is obvious which girl you mean.

Do you know the girl, who is talking to Tom?

Note: In non-defining relative clauses, who/which may not be replaced with that.

Object pronouns in non-defining relative clauses must be used.

Jim, who/whom we met yesterday, is very nice.

EXERCISES http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?10 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?11 http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/uk/tour/stonehenge#exercises http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?08 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?04 http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?07

PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST

Use

In British English, the use of Simple Past and Present Perfect is quite strict. As soon as a time expression in the past is given, you have to use Simple Past. If there are no signal words, you must decide if we just talk about an action in the past or if its consequence in the present is important.

Note that the following explanations and exercises refer to British English only. In American English, you can normally use Simple Past instead of Present Perfect. We cannot accept this in our exercises, however, as this would lead to confusions amongst those who have to learn the differences.

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

Do you want to express that an action happened at a certain time in the past (even if it was just a few seconds ago) or that an action has just / already / not yet happened?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain time in the past Example: I phoned Mary 2 minutes ago.	**just / already / not yet** Example: I have just phoned Mary.

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Do you want to express when a certain action took place or whether / how often an action has happened till now?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
certain event in the past Example: He went to Canada last summer.	whether / how often till now Example: Have you ever been to Canada? / I have been to Canada twice.

Emphasis on action or result?

Do you just want to express what happened in the past? Or do you want to emphasise the result (a past action’s consequence in the present)?

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
Emphasis on action Example: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)	Emphasis on result Example: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Simple Past

Present Perfect Simple

Emphasis on action

Example:: I bought a new bike. (just telling what I did in the past.)

Emphasis on result

Example:: I have bought a new bike. (With this sentence I actually want to express that I have a new bike now.)

Signal Words

Simple Past	Present Perfect Simple
yesterday … ago in 1990 the other day last …	just already up to now until now / till now ever (not) yet so far lately / recently

EXERCISES

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex07

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex08

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-preper/exercises?ex02

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Cristina – Departamento de Inglés

1º BACHILLERATO

Present Simple or Present Continuous?

Introduction

STATIVE VERBS

NARRATIVE TENSES

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

RELATIVE CLAUSES

relative pronoun

use

Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?

Relative Adverbs

Defining Relative Clauses

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

PRESENT PERFECT VS SIMPLE PAST

Use

Certain time in the past or just / already / yet?

Certain event in the past or how often so far?

Emphasis on action or result?

Signal Words

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