->Connectors to organise your ideas: Firstly, Secondly, finally.

->Use Past tenses, present tenses and future (prediction)

-> Use the vocabulary given.

-> Underline or highlight all the connectors you have used.

à Divide the Composition into three paragraphs:

1. 1.        Presentation of topic: is energy a problem? Where do we get energy from?
2. 2.       Development of ideas: renewable resources of energy. El Hierro as a model to follow.
3. Conclusion: What is your prediction for the future?. Sum up your ideas and give your opinion.

MORE VOCABULARY

acid rain	lluvia ácida
carbon dioxide	dióxido de carbono
chemicals	sustancias químicas
climate change	cambio climático
conservation	conservación
deforestation	deforestación
eco-friendly	que no daña el medio ambiente
ecological	ecológico
ecologist	ecologista
ecosystem	ecosistema
endangered species	especies en peligro de extinción
environment	medio ambiente
environmental	medioambiental
environmentalist	ecologista
environmentally friendly	que no daña el medio ambiente
extinction	extinción
global warming	calentamiento global
greenhouse effect	efecto invernadero
noise pollution	contaminación acústica
nuclear radiation	radiación nuclear
organic	orgánico
ozone	ozono
ozone-friendly	que no daña la capa de ozono
ozone layer	capa de ozono
pollution	polución, contaminación
radioactive waste	residuos radiactivos
radioactivity	radiactividad
recyclable	reciclable
recycling	reciclaje
reforestation	repoblación forestal
sewage	aguas residuales
sewage farm (GB)	estación depuradora
sewage plant (US)	estación depuradora
solar energy	energía solar
toxic waste	residuos tóxicos
waste disposal (GB)	eliminación de residuos
wind power	energía eólica
to become extinct	extinguirse
to conserve	conservar
to die out	extinguirse
to poison	envenenar
to pollute	contaminar

RELATIVE CLAUSES

( information taken from different grammar books)

RELATIVE CLAUSES ARE INTRODUCED BY:

-          RELATIVE PRONOUNS ( who, whom, which, that, whose)

-          RELATIVE ADVERBS ( when, where and why)

WHO and WHOM à refer to people

WHICH à refers to animals and things

THAT à refers to people, animals and things.

SUBJECTS: The woman who saw the robbery reported it to the police

WHO/ THAT/ WHICH can be

WHOM à Is used in formal language: it is always the OBJECT of a relative clause.

The man whom I am meeting tomorrow is my teacher

WHOSEà Shows possession and refers to people animals and things.

WHERE à refers to places. It can be omitted when it is followed by a preposition.

The restaurant where we had dinner had the name of la Compostelana.

                        The restaurant we had dinner at had the name of la Compostelana.

WHENà refers to time and can be omitted.

There must be some time ( when) we can talk.

WHYà refers to the cause of an action, specially after the word REASON. It can be omitted.

The reason ( why) I am calling you is to tell you the good news.

DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING CLAUSES DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSESà give Essential information for the identification of the person or thing the speaker is referring to. The relative pronouns (who, whom, which)  can be omitted or replaced by that when they are the OBJECT of a defining relative clause. The man who/that introduced us is Lucas ( subject)                         The wallet which/that/(-) I bought yesterday is blue.(object) NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES à give additional information about the person or thing the speaker is referring to. They are put between commas and the relative pronoun cannot be omitted or replaced by THAT. Niko, who was brought up in Tenerife, speaks fluent English.                         Secundino, who we met last September, is leaving for Mexico.

EXERCISES

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses/exercises?02

http://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=3105

http://www.mansioningles.com/gram24_ej1.htm

HOW TO EXPRESS FUTURE

‘ WILL’ , ‘ TO BE GOING TO’, FUTURE PROGRESSIVE, FUTURE PERFECT, FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE, SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS.

FUTURE ‘ WILL’I will work ( I´ll  work), I won´t work, will I work?	FUTURE  ‘ GOING TO’I am going to work, I am not going to work, Am I going to work?
It is formed with will + inf of the verb. It is used: -          for decisions made at the moment of speaking. e.g: Somebody´s been hurt, I´ll call the ambulance. -          For predictions about the future e.g: I think Dimas will become a good football player. -          In the main clause of conditional sentences type 1 e.g: If it rains, I won´t go to El Teide -          For requests, invitations, promises, orders or threats. e.g: Will you help me, please?        Stop chatting or I´ll punish you -          For offers, we use ‘ shall’ instead of ‘ will’ in the first person singular and plural. e.g : Shall I help you? Shall I repeat? Shall I read it again?	It is formed with the verb to be     ( is, are, am ) + going + to + inf of the verb. It is used: -          for actions that we plan to do in the future. e.g: I have sold my car because I´m going to buy a new one. -          for predictions based on evidence e.g: The sun is shining. It is going to be a lovely day.
THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WITH FUTURE MEANING is used for:
-          Actions we have already planned to do in the near future.e.g: I´m flying  to Rome tomorrow.
THE PRESENT SIMPLE WITH FUTURE MEANING is used for.
-          Actions that will happen according to timetables or schedules    e.g: The bus leaves at 10:05 p.m.
THE FUTURE PROGRESSIVE.
It is formed with: will + be+ verb +ing It is used. -          for an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future: e.g: at 6:30 a.m tomorrow, I´ll be getting up. -          for a future action which has already been planned or is part of a routine      e.g: we´ll be working in the evenings next week
THE FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
form: will have+ past participle it is used for: -          actions that will be completed for a certain time in the future e.g: we will have finished BAC by the end of May. TIME EXPRESSIONS: BY + TIME, BY THE TIME, BEFORE.
THE FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
form: will have been+ verb in –ing it is used for: -          to show the duration of an action up to a point of time in the future. The action may continue further. e.g: by the end of this year, I´ll have been studying at this school for 2 years. TIME EXPRESSIONS: BY+ TIME
for an action that will happen very soon we can use the expression BE ABOUT TO + INF. ( estar a punto de …)

EXERCISES

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbs18.htm

Collocations -They are word partners.

Collocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that often go together and form a common expression. If the expression is heard often, the words become ‘glued’ together in our minds. ‘Crystal clear’, ‘middle management’ ‘nuclear family’ and ‘cosmetic surgery‘ are examples of collocated pairs of words. Some words are often found together because they make up a compound noun, for example ‘riding boots‘ or ‘motor cyclist‘. You can usually find the meaning of them by looking int he dictionary under the verb.

If you want to learn more or practise collocations go to these links:

http://www.better-english.com/strongcollocation/collocations.htm

http://a4esl.org/q/f/z/zy37mjp.htm

http://www.nonstopenglish.com/exercise.asp?exid=844

  

 

UNIT 3

ARTICLE 1

Genetic engineering boosts intelligence

US researchers have genetically modified mice to be better at learning and remembering. Team leader Joe Tsien, a neurobiologist at Princeton University said simply: “They’re smarter.” Humans also have the added gene, although it is not yet known whether it has the same function in people. But the scientists believe their results show that one day it may be possible to boost human intelligence.

Side effects

However, Dr Tim Bliss, head of neurophysiology at the National Institute for Medical Research in London, said: “When you insert a gene at random into the genome you don’t know what might happen. These animals seem to be OK, but there might be all sorts of hidden down sides to having this extra protein.

Smart young things

The research team from Princeton, Washington and MIT universities found that adding a single gene to mice significantly boosted the animals’ ability to solve maze tasks, learn from objects and sounds in their environment and to retain that knowledge.

ARTICLE 2

Should genetic engineering be stopped?

 ROBIN: Our first caller is David Gerry, who’s on the line from BC in Canada. David, does any of this worry you?

DAVID GERRY: Yes, the speed with which all of these things are being introduced is such that if there is a problem we don’t have the opportunity to identify it and react. If the process were like the introduction of a new drug which takes twelve years then we could be reasonably assured that there are very few side affects, but there are so many products coming on the market so quickly there’s no long term data to reassure us that there isn’t a problem.

ROBIN: Our next caller is from Estonia – Jaak Aru, What are your feelings about this issue?

JAAK ARU: So far we have been talking about creation and evolution. In other words, either God created or Nature developed all the species on the earth. From this year on, starting with Dolly the sheep, we do have proof there is a third subject which is able to develop species – that is human beings.

ROBIN: Dora Samuel is calling from Berlin. Dora, do you agree that strong legislation and labelling are needed?

DORA SAMUEL: Well, I_m against genetic engineering because it_s an invention as dangerous as the invention of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb.

ROBIN: They killed a lot of people when they were used in Japan. Are you saying that genetic manipulation can kill people in the same way?

DORA SAMUEL: We don_t know because even the engineers who have invented this thing don_t know what_s going to happen in the future. They have no idea of the side effects.

1. Should genetic engineering be stopped?
2. What are its positive and negative aspects?
3. What is the opinion of the Catholic Church on this topic?

RELATIVE CLAUSES

En esta página tienen ejercicios y explicaciones de las cláusulas relativas y ejercicios.

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

COMPOSITION NOVEMBER 11

Watch this video and write a composition about what life will be like in the future.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Very good videos with explanations

COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. KEY

1. Complete each sentence using the first conditional

1)       wins/ will be

2)      comes /will go

3)      writes/ will tell

4)      will forgive/ pays

5)      will feel/stops

1. Complete with the second conditional

1)       did not live/ would have

2)      stopped/ would be

3)      didn´t drive/ would be

4)      would´t be / were

5)      were / wouldn´t tell

1. third Conditional

1)       had worked/ would have obtained

2)      hadn´t broken/ would have gone

3)      had eaten/ wouldn´t have been

4)      had brought/ wouldn´t have got

5)      had known/ would have come

1. Choose the correct answer

1)       doesn´t

2)      could

3)      won´t be

4)      can´t go

5)      could

6)      doesn´t take care

7)      will be

8)      close

9)      don´t like

10)   lend

1. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs in brackets

1)       don´t get

2)      would improve

3)      will put

4)      got up

5)      doesn´t stop

6)      would go

7)      doesn´t arrive

8)      go

9)      order

10)   were

1. Fill in the blanks

1)       would not have done/ had studied

2)      pay/ won´t take

3)      run / don´t feel

4)      give / will pack

5)      were / would get

6)      will help  / ask

7)      wouldn´t do / were

8)      get / will buy

9)      doesn´t come/ will miss

10)   don´t obey/ will lose

1. Complete the story

Will never get/ were/ wouldn´t have crashed/ says/ would be/ won´t come/ don´t mention/ had known.

1. Chain of conditionals . It is up to you but you have to use the first conditional .

I WISH/ IF ONLY

http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/wish/menu.php

http://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-5529.php.

Differences between WISH and HOPE. COMMON MISTAKE.

REVISION. CARNIVAL

1. Complete this conversation. Keep to the sense of the text given.

 

How “green” are you?            I = Interviewer.

                                                  J = John Baines.

I::  John, I know that you are interested in everything related to the environment and the need to  protect it.

J:  Yes. That´s right.

I: Can you tell me………………………………………………………………………..?

J:  Well, at home we have changed many things. In the kitchen we have different bags for different   things: cans, papers, bottles…

I:  What ………………………….?

J:  I take them to recycling containers.

I:  Are …………………………………………………………………………………?

J:  The nearest recycling containers are about two minutes walk.

I:  How often …………………………………………………..? 

J: Twice a month.

I: I know you have become a vegetarian. Is this part of being “green”, or something totally  different?

J: Erm… yes and no. Looking after animals is as important as looking after the environment.  I prefer not to kill animals to eat them.

I:  What about transport? How ………………………………………………………?

J:  I use public transport. I hardly ever use my car.

I: Do you……………………………………………………………………………..?

J: Yes. At weekends.

I: I think it´s true that people all over the world are becoming more aware of the need to look after the planet.

J: Yes, if we don´t  …………………………………………………………………….

I:  Thanks a lot.

J: You´re welcome.

2. Write what you would say in or about each situation to show that you understand THEIR  CONTEXT . ( 6 words minimum 20 words maximum)

1. Your friend wants to give up smoking. Give him/her some advice.
2. You read an ad in a newspaper wanting shop assistants. Phone and ask for details.
3. You don’t know where a place is. Ask someone for directions and help.
4. At the airport. Ask for travel information (flight number, time of leaving…)
5. You are chatting with someone who doesn’t know you. Describe yourself.
6. At the swimming pool there are some children bathing. They are bothering you. Tell them something polite to stop.
7. You don’t like “yellow press”. Give arguments against it.
8. Recommend the last film you watched to a friend.
9. A friend of yours is a model. Ask her about her job.
10. You went to France last summer. A friend of your father’s wants to go there. Describe what you saw and visited.
11. You went to Mercadona to do the shopping. You found cheaper prices there. Recommend your friends to go there by comparing prices with other supermarkets.
12. You lost your luggage at the airport. Go to “lost property” office and ask for help.
13. Order some food at a restaurant.
14. The soup is cold. Complain about it to the waitress.
15. You don’t know what to buy for your mother’s birthday. Ask your brothers or sisters for advice.
16. You phoned a friend to invite him/her to your birthday party. She/he didn’t get the message. S/he is angry with you. Explain what happened.
17. Someone you don’t know invites you to dinner. Excuse yourself being polite.
18. You arrive late at an important meeting. Apologize.
19. At a shop, they gave you the wrong purchase. Ask for explanations.
20. You don’t have money to go on a boat trip. Ask a friend to lend you some. Explain why you need the money and why you don’t have any.

21. In a foreign country a thief steals your purse. Go to the nearest police station and report the theft.

PLURAL FORM

-          El plural se suele formar añadiendo S al nombre en singular.-          Sólo los nombres contables tienen forma plural. Los no contables siempre van en singular.-          Cuando la palabra termina en s, sh, ss, ch, x, z, o. Añade ES .              Church – churches              Box  – boxes              Tomato – tomatoesExcept: piano – pianos            radio- radios-          Si el nombre acaba en vocal o –y añade S excepto si la  Y va precedida por consonante, entonces cambia a – IES               Key – keys               Lady – ladies-          Algunos nombres que terminan en -F y- FE cambian estas letras por –V y añaden –ES.                      Wife – wives                      Shelf – shelves             Existen algunas excepcionesque forman el plural añadiendo – S                      Cliff – cliffs                      Handkerchief – handkerchiefs             Nombres como SCARF o HOOF pueden tener ambos plurales : scarves/ scarfs, hoofs/ hooves.-          Existen algunos plurales irregularesque debes aprender de memoria.                 Child – children                 Foot – feet                 Tooth – teeth                 Man – men                 Woman – women

                 Mouse – mice

                 Person – people

                 Fish – fish

                 Sheep – sheep

                Salmon – salmon

-          Algunos nombres solo existen en plural: glasses, trousers, shorts, scissors.

-          Ciertos nombres que terminan en – S parecen plurales, pero van seguidos de un verbo en singular: mathematics, gymnastics, politics.

-          Algunos nombres como: news, advice, information y furniture tienen sentido plural pero llevan el verbo en singular. Para dar una sola noticia se tiene que utilizar a piece of news. Lo mismo ocurre con advice, information and furniture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.Fill in the blanks with the plural form of the words below.

Child     foot     key     monkey     mouse      radio      tooth     woman

1. Two of my son´s ……………fell out last night.
2. My ……….hurt. I ran too much yesterday.
3. Many ……….like to wear make up.
4. We found three ………in our classroom. How awful!
5. The ………..came home early from school today.
6. I´m in trouble. I left my …………………at home.
7. Everyone loves to watch the …………………in the zoo.
8. We have three………..in our house.

1. 4.                   Rewrite the sentences using the words in brackets. Do not change the original meaning.

1. He only left a few moments ago ( Just) ……………………………………………………………………….
2. We arrived an hour after Dan ( wait for) …………………………………………………………………….
3. The last time her boss paid her was over a month ago ( this month) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
4. Jane broke her leg once before ( second)  ………………………………………………………………….
5. Will this be your first trip abroad? (ever) ………………………………………………………………….
6. They started arguing two hours ago and they are still arguing ( for) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. I know you moved to London in 1990, but when did you leave? ( how long ago) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
8. Today, I had my second meeting with my new boss. ( so far) …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

5. Write a sentence about each of the following situations using an expression with

I WISH / IF ONLY.

a. You didn´t pass you English test.

b. You live on instant noodles because you can´t cook

c. You had kilos of ice cream and now you have stomachache

d. You will have to work this carnival

e. Your mother opened a letter addressed to you.

f. You´d give anything to be 10 cm taller.

g. You had a fight with your boss and he fired you.

 INDIRECT SPEECH

EUTHANASIA

 

Euthanasia (from the Greek ευθανασία meaning “good death”: ευ-, eu- (well or good) + θάνατος, thanatos (death)) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner. According to the House of Lords Select Committee on Medical Ethics, the precise definition of euthanasia is “a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering

Euthanasia is the deliberate killing of a person for the benefit of that person.

In most cases euthanasia is carried out because the person who dies asks for it, but there are cases called euthanasia where a person can’t make such a request.

ARGUMENTS AGAINST EUTHANASIA

You can argue about the way we’ve divided up the arguments, and many arguments could fall into more categories than we’ve used.

Religious arguments

v      Euthanasia is against the word and will of God

v      Euthanasia weakens society’s respect for the sanctity of life

v      Suffering may have value

Ethical arguments

v      Accepting euthanasia accepts that some lives (those of the disabled or sick) are worth less than others

Practical arguments

v      Proper palliative care makes euthanasia unnecessary

v      There’s no way of properly regulating euthanasia

v      Allowing euthanasia will lead to less good care for the terminally ill

v      Allowing euthanasia undermines the committment of doctors and nurses to saving lives

v      Allowing euthanasia will discourage the search for new cures and treatments for the terminally ill

v      Euthanasia gives too much power to doctors

Against the will of God

Euthanasia is against the word and will of God

Religious people don’t argue that we can’t kill ourselves, or get others to do it. They know that we can do it because God has given us free will. Their argument is that it would be wrong for us to do so.

They believe that every human being is the creation of God, and that this imposes certain limits on us. Our lives are not only our lives for us to do with as we see fit.

To kill oneself, or to get someone else to do it for us, is to deny God, and to deny God’s rights over our lives and his right to choose the length of our lives and the way our lives end.

.

 The right to die. ARGUMENTS FOR

Human beings have the right to die when and how they want to

In…cases where there are no dependants who might exert pressure one way or the other, the right of the individual to choose should be paramount. So long as the patient is lucid, and his or her intent is clear beyond doubt, there need be no further questions.

The Independent, March 2002

Many people think that each person has the right to control his or her body and life and so should be able to determine at what time, in what way and by whose hand he or she will die.

Behind this lies the idea that human beings should be as free as possible – and that unnecessary restraints on human rights are a bad thing.

And behind that lies the idea that human beings are independent biological entities, with the right to take and carry out decisions about themselves, providing the greater good of society doesn’t prohibit this. Allied to this is a firm belief that death is the end

The right to life includes the right to die

v      The right to life is not a right simply to exist

v      The right to life is a right to life with a minimum quality and value

v      Death is the opposite of life, but the process of dying is part of life

v      Dying is one of the most important events in human life

v      Dying can be good or bad

v      People have the right to try and make the events in their lives as good as possible

v      So they have the right to try to make their dying as good as possible

v      If the dying process is unpleasant, people should have the right to shorten it, and thus reduce the unpleasantness

v      But even if there is a right to die, that doesn’t mean that doctors have a duty to kill, so no doctor can be forced to help the patient who wants euthanasia.

v      The right to life gives a person the right not to be killed if they don’t want to be.

v      The rights to privacy and freedom of belief give a person the right to decide how and when to die.

v      The European Convention on Human Rights gives a person the right to die.

TV man gave up dead lover’s name

BBC television presenter Ray Gosling says he has told police the identity of the former lover he smothered to death.

The 70-year-old was arrested on suspicion of murder after describing in a documentary how he carried out the mercy killing of the man.

Mr Gosling, from Nottingham, was released on bail and is due to report back to police in April.

He has said the man had Aids and was in severe pain. He said that he would not be making any further comment.

He was released following questioning by detectives for more than 30 hours in custody.

‘Terrible situation’

The Nottingham filmmaker said earlier that he had made a pact with his lover to act if his suffering increased.

In the film, which was broadcast last week on Inside Out East Midlands, he said: “It’s a terrible situation. I loved him to bits.

“We had a pact – he said if the pain gets bad and if nothing can be done, don’t let him linger on.

“I picked up the pillow and smothered him until he was dead. When you love someone, it is difficult to see them suffer.”

He added: “I don’t think it’s a crime.”

BBC NEWS FEBRUARY 2010

BULLFIGHTING. A DEBATE.

Watch this video Blood Brothers broadcast by the American channel CBS. Talk about the possibility of forbiding Bullfighting in Spain. Consider the case of Catalonia.

         MODAL PERFECT

1. MUST HAVE + PARTICIPLE: When we are certain about past actions.

Paul didn ´t answer my calls. He must not have been out all day.

1. MUST NOT HAVE +PARTICIPLE/ CAN NOT HAVE +PARTICIPLE: When we are certain something did not happen.

He must not have heard about the earthquake.

      Can not have heard

1. MAY/MIGHT/COULD HAVE +PARTICIPLE: When we are not sure because we do not actually know what happened in the past.

Paul is late for work. He might have missed the bus. He might have left his house late.

 

1. COULD HAVE +PARTICIPLE: when we had the ability to do something in the past but we didn´t do it.

I could have gone to the party butI didn´t want to.

 

1. 5.    SHOULD HAVE +PARTICIPLE:

a)     when expectations are not fullfilled

He should have arrived by now. But he isn´t still here.

b)     When sensible advice was followed

You should have checked the brakes on your car before starting out.

 

1. SHOULD NOT HAVE+PARTICIPLE: to refer to a foolish past action.

You shouldn´t have taken the car without asking.

1. WOULD HAVE +PARTICIPLE: When we were willing to do something but didn´t do it.

I would hav ehelped you, but I was away for the weekend.

1. WILL HAVE +PARTICIPLE: when we talk about an action that will be completed by some point in the future.

By this time next week. I will have passed all the exams.

EXTRA INFORMATION ABOUT MODAL VERBS

 http://www.englishpage.com/modals/modalintro.html

BRITISH ENGLISH VS AMERICAN ENGLISH

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg3owTRE&feature=related

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/americanspelling.html

http://www.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/americanbritish.html

 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wYmrg3owTRE

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE

‘ The Internet, a computer network, has been developed so that information can be obtained on almost any subject.  Today, the Internet is being used by businesses, governments and students. In fact, The Internet can be used by anyone whose computer is connected to it. The Internet can also be used to send e- mail.’

We use the  passive voice to show that the subject does not act, but it receives the result of an action. Only transitive verbs can be used in the Passive Voice.

ACTIVE VOICE:

SUBJECT	VERB	OBJECT
The mechanic	repairs	cars

SUBJECT	VERB	OBJECT
cars	are repaired	by the mechanic

PASSIVE VOICE

Interrogative: Are cars repaired by the mechanic?

Negative: cars are not repaired by the mechanic.

TENSES	ACTIVE VOICE	PASSIVE VOICE
PRESENT SIMPLE	People watch TV all over the world	TV is watched all over the world
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE	Someone is following us	We are being followed by someone
PAST SIMPLE	Someone stole my car yesterday	My car was stolen yesterday
PAST PROGRESSIVE	The Scouts were pitching the tents	The tents were being pitched.
FUTURE “WILL”	They will announce the results in an hour.	The results will be announced in an hour
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE	The mechanic has repaired the car	The car has been repaired
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE	John had paid the bills before he left.	The bills had been paid before he left.
“GOING TO”	They are going to build a new hospital.	A new hospital is going to be built.
PRESENT INFINITIVE	He wants them to leave him alone.	He wants to be left alone.
MODALS	I must call a plumber	A plumber must be called.
IMPERATIVE	Do your homework!	Your homework must / should be done!

The passive voice is used:

• When we want to emphasise the action, not who does it or who causes it.
• When the agent is unknown or obvious from the context
• In instructions or processes.

The agent:

• We use BY + AGENT when we want to emphasise who does it or what causes the action.

The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell

• When we want to describe what caused the action or what the agent used to perform it, we use WITH instead of BY.

Fires are usually put out with water.

Verbs with two objects:

• Some verbs like: GIVE, OFFER, TELL, BUY, SEND, SHOW etc can take two objects in the Active Voice: a DIRECT OBJECT ( thing) and an INDIRECT OBJECT ( a person). The passive voice is formed as follows:

They gave the boy a reward

1. the boy was given a reward                                      2. A reward was given to the boy

• When the direct object of the active sentence is the subject of the passive one, we use the prepositions TO or FOR  before the indirect object.

They offered him the job       the job was offered to him

She bought me a present         a present was bought for me

That clauses in the passive voice:

• Some verbs such as: BELIEVE, CONSIDER, EXPECT, FIND, KNOW, REPORT, SAY, THINK, UNDERSTAND etc take a that clause as an object in the Active voice. The passive voice is formed as follows:

People say that the film is excellent

It is said that the film is excellent OR  the film is said to be excellent